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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Satz von Abel-Ruffini</span></h1>
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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="de" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="de" dir="ltr"><p>Der mathematische <b>Satz von Abel-Ruffini</b> besagt, dass die allgemeine <a href="Polynomgleichung" class="mw-redirect" title="Polynomgleichung">Polynomgleichung</a> fünften oder höheren Grades nicht durch <a href="Radikal_(Mathematik)" title="Radikal (Mathematik)">Radikale</a>, d.&nbsp;h. <a href="Wurzel_(Mathematik)" title="Wurzel (Mathematik)">Wurzelausdrücke</a>, auflösbar ist. In älterer Literatur wird er auch gelegentlich als „Abelscher Unmöglichkeitssatz“ bezeichnet.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geschichte">Geschichte</h2></div>

<p>Der erste Beweis dieses Satzes wurde von <a href="Paolo_Ruffini_(Mathematiker)" title="Paolo Ruffini (Mathematiker)">Paolo Ruffini</a> im Jahr 1799 veröffentlicht. Dieser Beweis war jedoch lückenhaft und wurde zudem weitgehend ignoriert. Ein vollständiger Beweis gelang 1824 <a href="Niels_Henrik_Abel" title="Niels Henrik Abel">Niels Henrik Abel</a>.
</p><p>Tieferen Einblick in das Problem gewährt die wenig später von <a href="%C3%89variste_Galois" title="Évariste Galois">Évariste Galois</a> entwickelte <a href="Galoistheorie" title="Galoistheorie">Galoistheorie</a>. Unter Verwendung der allgemeineren Resultate der Galoistheorie müssen zum Beweis des Satzes von Abel-Ruffini nur zwei Punkte gezeigt werden:
</p>
<ul><li>Die <i>allgemeine Gleichung</i> fünften Grades (d.&nbsp;h. die Gleichung mit Unbestimmten als Koeffizienten) besitzt als <a href="Galoisgruppe" title="Galoisgruppe">Galoisgruppe</a> die <a href="Symmetrische_Gruppe" title="Symmetrische Gruppe">symmetrische Gruppe</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle S_{5}}">
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<li>Die symmetrische Gruppe <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle S_{5}}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle S_{5}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7d113353a42f71fc5e7154ddef2257079ab2e25a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.479ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle S_{5}}" loading="lazy"></span> ist nicht <a href="Aufl%C3%B6sbare_Gruppe" title="Auflösbare Gruppe">auflösbar</a>, denn sie enthält als einzigen echten Normalteiler die <a href="Alternierende_Gruppe" title="Alternierende Gruppe">alternierende Gruppe</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A_{5}}">
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6e213bbb69691c65e1391fe16cd79a0029471446.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.797ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A_{5}}" loading="lazy"></span> von der Ordnung 60, und diese ist <a href="Endliche_einfache_Gruppe#Definition" title="Endliche einfache Gruppe">einfach</a> und nicht von <a href="Primzahl" title="Primzahl">Primzahlordnung</a> (also nicht (prim)zyklisch, mithin nicht abelsch).</li></ul>
<p>Da für die Auflösbarkeit einer Gleichung durch Radikale gemäß der Theorie von Évariste Galois gerade die Auflösbarkeit der Galoisgruppe das entscheidende Kriterium darstellt,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ist also die allgemeine Gleichung fünften Grades (und höher) nicht durch Radikale auflösbar.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formulierung_des_Satzes">Formulierung des Satzes</h2></div>
<p>Das <b>allgemeine Polynom</b> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f(X)}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f(X)}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b884e2d65b3356219702968b6751485fb8f38570.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.068ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f(X)}" loading="lazy"></span> <b>bzw. die allgemeine Gleichung</b> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f(X)=0}">
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6e03576b2fd0542831577a313eeede5f297703d2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:9.329ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f(X)=0}" loading="lazy"></span> vom Grade <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n}">
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<mo>∏<!-- ∏ --></mo>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f(X)=X^{n}+s_{1}X^{n-1}+s_{2}X^{n-2}+\dots s_{n-1}X+s_{n}=\prod _{i=1}^{n}(X-x_{i})}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c5269257a16ac38ba72a7901e3566c9c0857f6c2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:64.3ex; height:6.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f(X)=X^{n}+s_{1}X^{n-1}+s_{2}X^{n-2}+\dots s_{n-1}X+s_{n}=\prod _{i=1}^{n}(X-x_{i})}" loading="lazy"></span> über dem Körper <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbb {L} :=K(x_{1},\dots ,x_{n})}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbb {L} :=K(x_{1},\dots ,x_{n})}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f8b2602b0ad4c7fbc92c870d0040b5adcca595e1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:19.281ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbb {L} :=K(x_{1},\dots ,x_{n})}" loading="lazy"></span> der gebrochen rationalen Polynomen in den Unbestimmten <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x_{i}}">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x_{i}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e87000dd6142b81d041896a30fe58f0c3acb2158.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.129ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x_{i}}" loading="lazy"></span>, sondern es sind die <a href="Elementarsymmetrisches_Polynom" title="Elementarsymmetrisches Polynom">elementarsymmetrischen Polynomen</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle s_{i}(x_{1},\dots ,x_{n})}">
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b37c72040eb5d9693cc6fad7a85c3ca1e39521e4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:13.81ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle s_{i}(x_{1},\dots ,x_{n})}" loading="lazy"></span> der Nullstellen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x_{i}}">
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<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x_{i}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e87000dd6142b81d041896a30fe58f0c3acb2158.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.129ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x_{i}}" loading="lazy"></span> des Polynoms <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f(X)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f(X)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b884e2d65b3356219702968b6751485fb8f38570.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.068ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f(X)}" loading="lazy"></span>. Diese sind algebraisch unabhängig über <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle K}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>K</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle K}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2b76fce82a62ed5461908f0dc8f037de4e3686b0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.066ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle K}" loading="lazy"></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aufgrund des <a href="Elementarsymmetrisches_Polynom#Eigenschaften" title="Elementarsymmetrisches Polynom">Hauptsatzes über elementarsymmetrische Funktionen</a> besteht der Körper <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbb {K} :=K(s_{1},\dots ,s_{n})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">K</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>:=</mo>
<mi>K</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>s</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>s</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbb {K} :=K(s_{1},\dots ,s_{n})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e43b2396ca7833652b753836af29f1c448f21424.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:19.061ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbb {K} :=K(s_{1},\dots ,s_{n})}" loading="lazy"></span> aus allen denjenigen rationalen Polynomen („Funktionen“) aus <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbb {L} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">L</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbb {L} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5c54e1ea2df1f3d345e5ecea9313712f999d3955.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.55ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbb {L} }" loading="lazy"></span>, die symmetrisch in den Unbestimmten <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x_{i}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x_{i}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e87000dd6142b81d041896a30fe58f0c3acb2158.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.129ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x_{i}}" loading="lazy"></span> sind. Das allgemeine Polynom <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f(X)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f(X)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b884e2d65b3356219702968b6751485fb8f38570.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.068ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f(X)}" loading="lazy"></span> besitzt also Koeffizienten aus <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbb {K} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">K</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbb {K} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1848c435e64864e9ad4efa7e46bd6bc900c35c99.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.808ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbb {K} }" loading="lazy"></span> und sein <a href="Zerf%C3%A4llungsk%C3%B6rper" title="Zerfällungskörper">Zerfällungskörper</a> ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbb {L} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">L</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbb {L} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5c54e1ea2df1f3d345e5ecea9313712f999d3955.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.55ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbb {L} }" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p><p>Der <b>Satz von Abel-Ruffini</b> besagt, dass die Nullstellen des allgemeinen Polynoms <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f(X)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f(X)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b884e2d65b3356219702968b6751485fb8f38570.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.068ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f(X)}" loading="lazy"></span> vom Grade <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 5}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>5</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 5}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/29483407999b8763f0ea335cf715a6a5e809f44b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.162ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 5}" loading="lazy"></span> oder höher nicht durch Radikale in <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbb {K} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">K</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbb {K} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1848c435e64864e9ad4efa7e46bd6bc900c35c99.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.808ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbb {K} }" loading="lazy"></span> darstellbar sind.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Wie oben erwähnt, genügt (aus moderner Sicht) zum Beweis des Satzes nachzuweisen, dass <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbb {L} /\mathbb {K} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">L</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">K</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbb {L} /\mathbb {K} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c260e38e5feaeadbab86cc7749faf5f86a9329fc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.521ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbb {L} /\mathbb {K} }" loading="lazy"></span> eine Galoiserweiterung ist und seine Galoisgruppe <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G(\mathbb {L} /\mathbb {K} )}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>G</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">L</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">K</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G(\mathbb {L} /\mathbb {K} )}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6bd06a9cc62d511715caf7248deaf9dcfaab6965.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:8.157ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G(\mathbb {L} /\mathbb {K} )}" loading="lazy"></span> isomorph zur vollen symmetrischen Gruppe vom Grade <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a601995d55609f2d9f5e233e36fbe9ea26011b3b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n}" loading="lazy"></span>. Da diese nicht auflösbar ist, folgt der Satz von Abel-Ruffini aufgrund von Ergebnissen der <a href="Galoistheorie" title="Galoistheorie">Galoistheorie</a>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anmerkungen_zur_Abgrenzung_der_Aussage">Anmerkungen zur Abgrenzung der Aussage</h2></div>
<p>Aus dem Satz von Abel-Ruffini folgt daher <i>nicht</i> unmittelbar (die scheinbar naheliegende und an sich richtige Tatsache<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Anm 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), dass beliebige ganzzahlige (<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle R=\mathbb {Z} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>R</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">Z</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle R=\mathbb {Z} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c7d60fc180e76c47f663220cdb9ff8c6f564c0f6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.413ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle R=\mathbb {Z} }" loading="lazy"></span>) oder rationalzahlige (<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle R=\mathbb {Q} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>R</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">Q</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle R=\mathbb {Q} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/12b43744f565d72e29b61ebcc9c452f73d3c2cd7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:6.671ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle R=\mathbb {Q} }" loading="lazy"></span>) Polynome <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f(X)\in R[X]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mi>R</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f(X)\in R[X]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2d22d758c57961bb33e6a73ddba26163b797510d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:12.946ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f(X)\in R[X]}" loading="lazy"></span> grundsätzlich nicht durch Radikale lösbar wären, wenn sie nur „hinreichend allgemein“ gewählt sind<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – im Gegenteil: Das Auflösbarkeitskriterium der Galois-Theorie zeigt, dass die Nullstellen von Polynomen mit <i>auflösbarer</i> Galoisgruppe durch Radikale darstellbar sind, das heißt, dass ihre Zerfällungskörper „Radikalkörper“ sind. Mit anderen Worten: Auflösbare Galois-Erweiterungen sind Radikalkörper und jedes Element solcher Körper lässt sich durch Radikale über dem Grundkörper darstellen.
</p><p>Es gibt Sätze, mit deren Hilfe es, ohne erst die Galoisgruppe bestimmen zu müssen, leicht möglich ist, Polynome anzugeben (oder zu erkennen), die keine auflösbare Galoisgruppe haben und deren Nullstellen folglich nicht durch Radikale dargestellt werden können. Doch diese Sätze folgen nicht etwa aus dem Satz von Abel-Ruffini, sondern aus der Galoistheorie.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Anm 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Laut <a href="Nathan_Jacobson" title="Nathan Jacobson">Nathan Jacobson</a> („Basic Algebra I“) geht der folgende Satz auf Galois zurück:<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<ul><li>Es sei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f(X)\in K[X]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mi>K</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f(X)\in K[X]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/06edc406bb6106da0dc24ab15c140380e23ddff4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:13.248ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f(X)\in K[X]}" loading="lazy"></span> ein <a href="Irreduzibles_Polynom" title="Irreduzibles Polynom">irreduzibles Polynom</a> von primem Grad <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \deg f}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>deg</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>f</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \deg f}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f194fcb353ccf18cf61c0b9533e2016ac974501b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:5.153ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \deg f}" loading="lazy"></span> über dem Körper <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle K}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>K</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle K}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2b76fce82a62ed5461908f0dc8f037de4e3686b0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.066ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle K}" loading="lazy"></span> der Charakteristik Null (beispielsweise ein rationales Polynom) und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>L</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/103168b86f781fe6e9a4a87b8ea1cebe0ad4ede8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.583ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L}" loading="lazy"></span> sei sein Zerfällungskörper. Dann sind äquivalent:
<ul><li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f(X)=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f(X)=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6e03576b2fd0542831577a313eeede5f297703d2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:9.329ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f(X)=0}" loading="lazy"></span> ist durch Radikale lösbar.</li>
<li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L=K[x_{i},x_{j}]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>L</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>K</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L=K[x_{i},x_{j}]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/805dc5b4a94ffa81ecfb194beea3f9c2e019efa8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:13.444ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L=K[x_{i},x_{j}]}" loading="lazy"></span> für irgend zwei Wurzeln von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f(X)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f(X)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b884e2d65b3356219702968b6751485fb8f38570.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.068ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f(X)}" loading="lazy"></span>.</li></ul></li></ul>
<dl><dd>Hat also <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f(X)\in \mathbb {Q} [X]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">Q</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f(X)\in \mathbb {Q} [X]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/cc68b015c7d9bf4a3e7d0ba892dd60d3ca6d4a96.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:12.99ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f(X)\in \mathbb {Q} [X]}" loading="lazy"></span> neben zwei reellen Wurzeln eine weitere nicht-reelle (also komplexe Wurzel), so ist die Gleichung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f(X)=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f(X)=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6e03576b2fd0542831577a313eeede5f297703d2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:9.329ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f(X)=0}" loading="lazy"></span> zwangsläufig nicht durch Radikale auflösbar.</dd></dl>
<p>Der folgende Satz<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> verschärft diese Aussage über <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle K=\mathbb {Q} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>K</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">Q</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle K=\mathbb {Q} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0854290031d92bf519f3ed79754edbe3eec1db77.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:6.973ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle K=\mathbb {Q} }" loading="lazy"></span>: Besitzt das irreduzible Polynom <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f(X)\in \mathbb {Q} [X]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">Q</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f(X)\in \mathbb {Q} [X]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/cc68b015c7d9bf4a3e7d0ba892dd60d3ca6d4a96.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:12.99ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f(X)\in \mathbb {Q} [X]}" loading="lazy"></span> von Primzahlgrad <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle q=\deg f}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>q</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>deg</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>f</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle q=\deg f}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/53df0eaf0f06d6ee3b0615672263378c155aa440.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:9.321ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle q=\deg f}" loading="lazy"></span> genau zwei reelle Wurzeln, so besteht seine Galoisgruppe aus der vollen Permutationsgruppe <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle S_{q}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>S</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>q</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle S_{q}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/66227ac26289a99fd55f640226b18e977d4bf9f8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:2.413ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle S_{q}}" loading="lazy"></span> seiner <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle q}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>q</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle q}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/06809d64fa7c817ffc7e323f85997f783dbdf71d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.07ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle q}" loading="lazy"></span> Wurzeln.
</p><p>Ganzzahlige Polynome fünften Grades mit gewissen Eigenschaften besitzen die volle Permutationsgruppe ihrer Wurzeln als Galoisgruppe:<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<ul><li>Es sei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle q}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>q</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle q}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/06809d64fa7c817ffc7e323f85997f783dbdf71d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.07ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle q}" loading="lazy"></span> eine ungerade Primzahl. Für das Polynom <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f(X)=X^{5}+2q\,a_{1}\,X^{4}+2q\,a_{2}\,X^{3}+2q\,a_{3}\,X^{2}+q\,a_{4}\,X+q\,a_{5}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>5</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>q</mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msup>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>4</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>q</mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msup>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>q</mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msup>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>q</mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>4</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>q</mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>5</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f(X)=X^{5}+2q\,a_{1}\,X^{4}+2q\,a_{2}\,X^{3}+2q\,a_{3}\,X^{2}+q\,a_{4}\,X+q\,a_{5}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8dbe3e23b242b704d221791fe7a0e46bb857d3a6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:60.292ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f(X)=X^{5}+2q\,a_{1}\,X^{4}+2q\,a_{2}\,X^{3}+2q\,a_{3}\,X^{2}+q\,a_{4}\,X+q\,a_{5}}" loading="lazy"></span> mit ganzen Zahlen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a_{i}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a_{i}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0bc77764b2e74e64a63341054fa90f3e07db275f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.029ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a_{i}}" loading="lazy"></span> gelte:
<ul><li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a_{4}\cdot a_{3}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>4</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a_{4}\cdot a_{3}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8067316fef71187dfa03cb4ff4a5aaea13c56768.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:6.247ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a_{4}\cdot a_{3}}" loading="lazy"></span> ist ungerade und</li>
<li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a_{5}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>5</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a_{5}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3c8009bf62d3e32fef185d63ee7039384e54be05.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.284ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a_{5}}" loading="lazy"></span> ist kein Vielfaches von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle q}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>q</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle q}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/06809d64fa7c817ffc7e323f85997f783dbdf71d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.07ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle q}" loading="lazy"></span>.</li></ul></li></ul>
<dl><dd>Dann ist die Galoisgruppe <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G(f(X),\mathbb {Q} )}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>G</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">Q</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G(f(X),\mathbb {Q} )}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/bf42c7469a61935a9dc8850fd3a070de4e18674a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:11.546ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G(f(X),\mathbb {Q} )}" loading="lazy"></span> des Polynoms <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f(X)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f(X)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b884e2d65b3356219702968b6751485fb8f38570.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.068ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f(X)}" loading="lazy"></span> über <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbb {Q} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">Q</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbb {Q} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c5909f0b54e4718fa24d5fd34d54189d24a66e9a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.808ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbb {Q} }" loading="lazy"></span> isomorph zur vollen symmetrischen Gruppe fünften Grades und daher nicht auflösbar. Daher ist auch die Gleichung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f(X)=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f(X)=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6e03576b2fd0542831577a313eeede5f297703d2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:9.329ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f(X)=0}" loading="lazy"></span> nicht durch Radikale auflösbar.</dd></dl>
<p>Der folgende Satz betrachtet gewisse ganzzahlige Polynome von Primzahlgrad:<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<ul><li>Es seien <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle q,p}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>q</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>p</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle q,p}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/627dc191d1963a5c366afb06e634387e1d5a5a5c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.273ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle q,p}" loading="lazy"></span> Primzahlen. Das irreduzible Polynom <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f(X)\in \mathbb {Z} [X]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">Z</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f(X)\in \mathbb {Z} [X]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9b6cfd8fcf6692b2d79c491aa89bcc002d161c15.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:12.733ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f(X)\in \mathbb {Z} [X]}" loading="lazy"></span> besitze den Grad <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle q}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>q</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle q}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/06809d64fa7c817ffc7e323f85997f783dbdf71d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.07ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle q}" loading="lazy"></span> und das modulo <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>p</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/81eac1e205430d1f40810df36a0edffdc367af36.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:1.259ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p}" loading="lazy"></span> reduzierte Polynom <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\overline {f}}(X)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo accent="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\overline {f}}(X)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a4478d995901b7a623dc34bb21380b76f55ce187.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.273ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\overline {f}}(X)}" loading="lazy"></span> über dem Galoisfeld <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbb {F} _{p}\cong \mathbb {Z} /(p\mathbb {Z} )}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">F</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>p</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>≅<!-- ≅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">Z</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>p</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">Z</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbb {F} _{p}\cong \mathbb {Z} /(p\mathbb {Z} )}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ee1fb8cb82a3fea2b940ec0a033c35f3354eac5b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:12.82ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbb {F} _{p}\cong \mathbb {Z} /(p\mathbb {Z} )}" loading="lazy"></span> zerfalle in einen quadratischen und einen Primfaktor vom Grade <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle q-2}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>q</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle q-2}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2dc973ed9054d0e1b231e8758a906d014fbaf482.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:5.072ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle q-2}" loading="lazy"></span>. Dann ist die Galoisgruppe des Polynoms <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f(X)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f(X)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b884e2d65b3356219702968b6751485fb8f38570.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.068ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f(X)}" loading="lazy"></span> nicht auflösbar.</li></ul>
<p><a href="Bartel_Leendert_van_der_Waerden" title="Bartel Leendert van der Waerden">Bartel Leendert van der Waerden</a><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> notiert in diesem Kontext den folgenden Satz:
</p>
<ul><li>Eine transitive Permutationsgruppe von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a601995d55609f2d9f5e233e36fbe9ea26011b3b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n}" loading="lazy"></span> Objekten die einen Zweierzyklus und einen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (n-1)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (n-1)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/df88c6333caaf6471cf277f24b802ff9931b133e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.207ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (n-1)}" loading="lazy"></span>-Zyklus enthält, ist die symmetrische Gruppe.</li></ul>
<dl><dd>Mit anderen Worten: Enthält die Galoisgruppe eines irreduziblen Polynoms einen Automorphismus, der lediglich zwei seiner <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a601995d55609f2d9f5e233e36fbe9ea26011b3b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n}" loading="lazy"></span> verschiedenen Wurzeln vertauscht (transponiert), und ferner eine zyklische Untergruppe der Ordnung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n-1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n-1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/fbd0b0f32b28f51962943ee9ede4fb34198a2521.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:5.398ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n-1}" loading="lazy"></span>, so handelt es sich bei der Galoisgruppe des Polynoms um die volle Permutationsgruppe vom Grade <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a601995d55609f2d9f5e233e36fbe9ea26011b3b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Van der Waerden erwähnt, dass man mit dieser Methode nicht nur beweisen kann, „<i>daß es Gleichungen mit symmetrischer Gruppe gibt, sondern noch mehr, nämlich daß asymptotisch 100&nbsp;% aller ganzzahligen Gleichungen, deren Koeffizienten eine Schranke <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>N</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5e3890c981ae85503089652feb48b191b57aae3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.064ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N}" loading="lazy"></span>, die gegen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \infty }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \infty }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c26c105004f30c27aa7c2a9c601550a4183b1f21.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.324ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \infty }" loading="lazy"></span> strebt, nicht überschreiten, die symmetrische Gruppe haben. Siehe B. L. v. d. Waerden, Math. Ann. 109 (1931), S. 13.“</i>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anmerkungen">Anmerkungen</h2></div>
<ol class="references" data-mw-group="Anm">
<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Vgl. hierzu den unten erwähnten Satz von <a href="Van_der_Waerden" class="mw-redirect" title="Van der Waerden">van der Waerden</a> über ein asymptotisches Verhalten der Galoisgruppe, siehe <a href="Bartel_Leendert_van_der_Waerden" title="Bartel Leendert van der Waerden">Bartel Leendert van der Waerden</a>: <cite style="font-style:italic">Algebra I</cite>. unter Benutzung von Vorlesungen von E.&nbsp;Artin und E.&nbsp;Noether. (=&nbsp;<cite style="font-style:italic">Heidelberger Taschenbücher</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>12</span>). 8.&nbsp; Auflage. 1971, ISBN 3-540-03561-3, Kapitel&nbsp;VIII <i>Die Theorie von Galois</i>, §&nbsp;66 <i>Die Berechnung der Galoisschen Gruppe. Gleichungen mit symmetrischer Gruppe</i>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>202–204</span> (272&nbsp;S.).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abookitem&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Satz+von+Abel-Ruffini&amp;rft.atitle=Kapitel+VIII+Die+Theorie+von+Galois%27%27%2C+%C2%A7+66+%27%27Die+Berechnung+der+Galoisschen+Gruppe.+Gleichungen+mit+symmetrischer+Gruppe&amp;rft.au=Bartel+Leendert+van+der+Waerden&amp;rft.btitle=Algebra+I&amp;rft.date=1971&amp;rft.edition=8.+Auflage&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.isbn=3540035613&amp;rft.pages=202-204&amp;rft.series=Heidelberger+Taschenb%C3%BCcher" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Vgl. <a href="Siegfried_Bosch" title="Siegfried Bosch">Siegfried Bosch</a>: <cite style="font-style:italic">Algebra</cite>. 10. Auflage. Springer, 2023, ISBN 978-3-662-67463-5, Kapitel§6nbsp;6 <i>Anwendungen der Galois-Theorie</i>, Abschnitt§&nbsp;4.1 <i>Auflösbarkeit algebraischer Gleichungen</i>, Theorem 6, Korollar 8 bis Abschnittsende, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>361–366</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-67464-2">10.1007/978-3-662-67464-2</a></span> (508&nbsp;S.).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abookitem&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Satz+von+Abel-Ruffini&amp;rft.atitle=Kapitel%C2%A76nbsp%3B6+Anwendungen+der+Galois-Theorie%27%27%2C+Abschnitt%C2%A7+4.1+%27%27Aufl%C3%B6sbarkeit+algebraischer+Gleichungen%2C+Theorem+6%2C+Korollar+8+bis+Abschnittsende&amp;rft.au=Siegfried+Bosch&amp;rft.btitle=Algebra&amp;rft.date=2023&amp;rft.doi=10.1007%2F978-3-662-67464-2&amp;rft.edition=10.&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.isbn=9783662674635&amp;rft.pages=361-366&amp;rft.pub=Springer" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span> Dort ist die Tatsache, dass es nicht auflösbare Gleichungen (Körpererweiterungen) gibt, als Korollar 8 zu Theorem 6 formuliert.</span>
</li>
</ol>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Siehe <a href="Wolfgang_Krull" title="Wolfgang Krull">Wolfgang Krull</a>: <cite style="font-style:italic">Elementare Algebra vom höheren Standpunkt</cite> (=&nbsp;<cite style="font-style:italic">Sammlung Göschen</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>930</span>). Walter de Gruyter &amp; Co, Leipzig 1939, Abschnitt VI „Metazyklische und Radikalkörper“ §&nbsp;§36 „Der Abelsche Unmöglichkeitssatz. Allgemeine Gleichung“, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>118</span> (143&nbsp;S.).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abookitem&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Satz+von+Abel-Ruffini&amp;rft.atitle=Abschnitt+VI+%E2%80%9EMetazyklische+und+Radikalk%C3%B6rper%E2%80%9C+%C2%A7+%C2%A736+%E2%80%9EDer+Abelsche+Unm%C3%B6glichkeitssatz.+Allgemeine+Gleichung%E2%80%9C&amp;rft.au=Wolfgang+Krull&amp;rft.btitle=Elementare+Algebra+vom+h%C3%B6heren+Standpunkt&amp;rft.date=1939&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.pages=118&amp;rft.place=Leipzig&amp;rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter+%26+Co&amp;rft.series=Sammlung+G%C3%B6schen" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Siegfried_Bosch" title="Siegfried Bosch">Siegfried Bosch</a>: <cite style="font-style:italic">Algebra</cite>. 10. Auflage. Springer, 2023, ISBN 978-3-662-67463-5, 6 Anwendungen der Galois-Theorie, 6.1 Auflösbarkeit algebraischer Gleichungen, Theorem 6, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>361</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-67464-2">10.1007/978-3-662-67464-2</a></span> (508&nbsp;S.).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abookitem&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Satz+von+Abel-Ruffini&amp;rft.atitle=6+Anwendungen+der+Galois-Theorie%2C+6.1+Aufl%C3%B6sbarkeit+algebraischer+Gleichungen%2C+Theorem+6&amp;rft.au=Siegfried+Bosch&amp;rft.btitle=Algebra&amp;rft.date=2023&amp;rft.doi=10.1007%2F978-3-662-67464-2&amp;rft.edition=10.&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.isbn=9783662674635&amp;rft.pages=361&amp;rft.pub=Springer" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Wolfgang_Krull" title="Wolfgang Krull">Wolfgang Krull</a>: <cite style="font-style:italic">Elementare Algebra vom höheren Standpunkt</cite> (=&nbsp;<cite style="font-style:italic">Sammlung Göschen</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>930</span>). Walter de Gruyter &amp; Co, Leipzig 1939, Abschnitt VI „Metazyklische und Radikalkörper“ §&nbsp;35 „Metazyklishe Körper und Radikalkörper“, „Fundamentaltheorem“, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>116</span> (143&nbsp;S.).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abookitem&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Satz+von+Abel-Ruffini&amp;rft.atitle=Abschnitt+VI+%E2%80%9EMetazyklische+und+Radikalk%C3%B6rper%E2%80%9C++%C2%A7+35+%E2%80%9EMetazyklishe+K%C3%B6rper+und+Radikalk%C3%B6rper%E2%80%9C%2C+%E2%80%9EFundamentaltheorem%E2%80%9C&amp;rft.au=Wolfgang+Krull&amp;rft.btitle=Elementare+Algebra+vom+h%C3%B6heren+Standpunkt&amp;rft.date=1939&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.pages=116&amp;rft.place=Leipzig&amp;rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter+%26+Co&amp;rft.series=Sammlung+G%C3%B6schen" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Vgl. <a href="Bartel_Leendert_van_der_Waerden" title="Bartel Leendert van der Waerden">Bartel Leendert van der Waerden</a>: <cite style="font-style:italic">Algebra I</cite>. unter Benutzung von Vorlesungen von E.&nbsp;Artin und E.&nbsp;Noether. (=&nbsp;<cite style="font-style:italic">Heidelberger Taschenbücher</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>12</span>). 8.&nbsp; Auflage. 1971, ISBN 3-540-03561-3, Kapitel VIII <i>Die Theorie von Galois</i>, §&nbsp;63 <i>Die allgemeine Gleichung n-ten Grades</i>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>189<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>f</span>. (272&nbsp;S.).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abookitem&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Satz+von+Abel-Ruffini&amp;rft.atitle=Kapitel+VIII+Die+Theorie+von+Galois%27%27%2C+%C2%A7+63+%27%27Die+allgemeine+Gleichung+n-ten+Grades&amp;rft.au=Bartel+Leendert+van+der+Waerden&amp;rft.btitle=Algebra+I&amp;rft.date=1971&amp;rft.edition=8.+Auflage&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.isbn=3540035613&amp;rft.pages=189f.&amp;rft.series=Heidelberger+Taschenb%C3%BCcher" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Siegfried_Bosch" title="Siegfried Bosch">Siegfried Bosch</a>: <cite style="font-style:italic">Algebra</cite>. 10. Auflage. Springer, 2023, ISBN 978-3-662-67463-5, Kapitel 4. <i>Galois-Theorie</i> Abschnitt 4.3 <i>Die Galois-Gruppe einer Gleichung</i> Satz 3, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>222</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-67464-2">10.1007/978-3-662-67464-2</a></span> (508&nbsp;S.).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abookitem&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Satz+von+Abel-Ruffini&amp;rft.atitle=Kapitel+4.+Galois-Theorie%27%27+Abschnitt+4.3+%27%27Die+Galois-Gruppe+einer+Gleichung+Satz+3&amp;rft.au=Siegfried+Bosch&amp;rft.btitle=Algebra&amp;rft.date=2023&amp;rft.doi=10.1007%2F978-3-662-67464-2&amp;rft.edition=10.&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.isbn=9783662674635&amp;rft.pages=222&amp;rft.pub=Springer" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Vgl. <a href="Bartel_Leendert_van_der_Waerden" title="Bartel Leendert van der Waerden">Bartel Leendert van der Waerden</a>: <cite style="font-style:italic">Algebra I</cite>. unter Benutzung von Vorlesungen von E.&nbsp;Artin und E.&nbsp;Noether. (=&nbsp;<cite style="font-style:italic">Heidelberger Taschenbücher</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>12</span>). 8.&nbsp; Auflage. 1971, ISBN 3-540-03561-3, Kapitel VIII <i>Die Theorie von Galois</i>, §&nbsp;63 <i>Die allgemeine Gleichung n-ten Grades</i>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>189<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>f</span>. (272&nbsp;S.).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abookitem&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Satz+von+Abel-Ruffini&amp;rft.atitle=Kapitel+VIII+Die+Theorie+von+Galois%27%27%2C+%C2%A7+63+%27%27Die+allgemeine+Gleichung+n-ten+Grades&amp;rft.au=Bartel+Leendert+van+der+Waerden&amp;rft.btitle=Algebra+I&amp;rft.date=1971&amp;rft.edition=8.+Auflage&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.isbn=3540035613&amp;rft.pages=189f.&amp;rft.series=Heidelberger+Taschenb%C3%BCcher" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Siegfried_Bosch" title="Siegfried Bosch">Siegfried Bosch</a>: <cite style="font-style:italic">Algebra</cite>. 10. Auflage. Springer, 2023, ISBN 978-3-662-67463-5, Kapitel 4. <i>Galois-Theorie Abschnitt</i> 4.3 <i>Die Galois-Gruppe einer Gleichung</i> Satz&nbsp;4, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>223</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-67464-2">10.1007/978-3-662-67464-2</a></span> (508&nbsp;S.).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abookitem&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Satz+von+Abel-Ruffini&amp;rft.atitle=Kapitel+4.+Galois-Theorie+Abschnitt%27%27+4.3+%27%27Die+Galois-Gruppe+einer+Gleichung+Satz+4&amp;rft.au=Siegfried+Bosch&amp;rft.btitle=Algebra&amp;rft.date=2023&amp;rft.doi=10.1007%2F978-3-662-67464-2&amp;rft.edition=10.&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.isbn=9783662674635&amp;rft.pages=223&amp;rft.pub=Springer" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Wolfgang_Krull" title="Wolfgang Krull">Wolfgang Krull</a>: <cite style="font-style:italic">Elementare Algebra vom höheren Standpunkt</cite> (=&nbsp;<cite style="font-style:italic">Sammlung Göschen</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>930</span>). 2. Auflage. Walter de Gruyter &amp; Co (Erstauflage 1939), Berlin 1952, Abschnitt VI §&nbsp;36 <i>Der Abelsche Unmöglichkeitssatz. Allgemeine Gleichung</i>, darin der „Struktursatz“ mit nachfolgenden Überlegungen, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>118<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>f</span>. (143&nbsp;S.).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abookitem&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Satz+von+Abel-Ruffini&amp;rft.atitle=Abschnitt+VI+%C2%A7+36+Der+Abelsche+Unm%C3%B6glichkeitssatz.+Allgemeine+Gleichung%2C+darin+der++%E2%80%9EStruktursatz%E2%80%9C+mit+nachfolgenden+%C3%9Cberlegungen&amp;rft.au=Wolfgang+Krull&amp;rft.btitle=Elementare+Algebra+vom+h%C3%B6heren+Standpunkt&amp;rft.date=1952&amp;rft.edition=2.&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.pages=118f.&amp;rft.place=Berlin&amp;rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter+%26+Co+%28Erstauflage+1939%29&amp;rft.series=Sammlung+G%C3%B6schen" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Vgl. <a href="Wolfgang_Krull" title="Wolfgang Krull">Wolfgang Krull</a>: <cite style="font-style:italic">Elementare Algebra vom höheren Standpunkt</cite>. Band I (=&nbsp;<cite style="font-style:italic">Sammlung Göschen</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>930</span>). Walter de Gruyter &amp; Co, Leipzig 1939, Abschnitt VI §&nbsp;36, Fußnote 1, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>118</span> (143&nbsp;S.).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abookitem&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Satz+von+Abel-Ruffini&amp;rft.atitle=Abschnitt+VI+%C2%A7+36%2C+Fu%C3%9Fnote+1&amp;rft.au=Wolfgang+Krull&amp;rft.btitle=Elementare+Algebra+vom+h%C3%B6heren+Standpunkt&amp;rft.date=1939&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.pages=118&amp;rft.place=Leipzig&amp;rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter+%26+Co&amp;rft.series=Sammlung+G%C3%B6schen" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Nathan_Jacobson" title="Nathan Jacobson">Nathan Jacobson</a>: <cite style="font-style:italic">Basic Algebra I</cite>. W. H. Freeman and Company, San Francisco 1974, ISBN 0-7167-0453-6, Chapter&nbsp;4 <i>Galois Theory of Equations</i> Section&nbsp;4.2 <i>Galois Group as Permutation Group of the Roots</i>, Exercise 15 („Galois“), <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>254</span> (472&nbsp;S.).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abookitem&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Satz+von+Abel-Ruffini&amp;rft.atitle=Chapter+4+Galois+Theory+of+Equations%27%27+Section+4.2+%27%27Galois+Group+as+Permutation+Group+of+the+Roots%2C+Exercise+15+%28%E2%80%9EGalois%E2%80%9C%29&amp;rft.au=Nathan+Jacobson&amp;rft.btitle=Basic+Algebra+I&amp;rft.date=1974&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.isbn=0716704536&amp;rft.pages=254&amp;rft.place=San+Francisco&amp;rft.pub=W.+H.+Freeman+and+Company" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Vgl. auch <a href="Siegfried_Bosch" title="Siegfried Bosch">Siegfried Bosch</a>: <cite style="font-style:italic">Algebra</cite>. 10. Auflage. Springer, 2023, ISBN 978-3-662-67463-5, Kapitel&nbsp;6 <i>Anwendungen der Galois-Theorie</i>, Abchnitt&nbsp;6.1 <i>Auflösbarkeit algebraischer Gleichungen</i>, Satz 11 und nachfolgende Absätze, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>365<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>f</span>., <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-67464-2">10.1007/978-3-662-67464-2</a></span> (508&nbsp;S.).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abookitem&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Satz+von+Abel-Ruffini&amp;rft.atitle=Kapitel+6+Anwendungen+der+Galois-Theorie%27%27%2C+Abchnitt+6.1+%27%27Aufl%C3%B6sbarkeit+algebraischer+Gleichungen%2C+Satz+11+und+nachfolgende+Abs%C3%A4tze&amp;rft.au=Siegfried+Bosch&amp;rft.btitle=Algebra&amp;rft.date=2023&amp;rft.doi=10.1007%2F978-3-662-67464-2&amp;rft.edition=10.&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.isbn=9783662674635&amp;rft.pages=365f.&amp;rft.pub=Springer" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Siehe <a class="external text" href="https://de.wikiversity.org/wiki/Galoisgruppe/Primzahlgrad/Nullstellenbedingung/Permutationsgruppe/Fakt">Wikiversity</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Wolfgang_Krull" title="Wolfgang Krull">Wolfgang Krull</a>: <cite style="font-style:italic">Elementare und klassische Algebra</cite>. Band II (=&nbsp;<cite style="font-style:italic">Sammlung Göschen</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>933</span>). Walter de Gruyter &amp; Co, Berlin 1959, Abschnitt&nbsp;III <i>Berechnungsprobleme und Homomorphiesätze</i> §&nbsp;23 <i>Endliche Körper</i>, Satz 6, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>81</span> (132&nbsp;S.).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abookitem&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Satz+von+Abel-Ruffini&amp;rft.atitle=Abschnitt+III+Berechnungsprobleme+und+Homomorphies%C3%A4tze%27%27+%C2%A7+23+%27%27Endliche+K%C3%B6rper%2C+Satz+6&amp;rft.au=Wolfgang+Krull&amp;rft.btitle=Elementare+und+klassische+Algebra&amp;rft.date=1959&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.pages=81&amp;rft.place=Berlin&amp;rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter+%26+Co&amp;rft.series=Sammlung+G%C3%B6schen" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Wolfgang_Krull" title="Wolfgang Krull">Wolfgang Krull</a>: <cite style="font-style:italic">Elementare und klassische Algebra</cite>. Band II (=&nbsp;<cite style="font-style:italic">Sammlung Göschen</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>933</span>). Walter de Gruyter &amp; Co, Berlin 1959, Abschnitt III&nbsp;<i>Berechnungsprobleme und Homomorphiesätze</i> §&nbsp;23 <i>Endliche Körper</i>, Satz 7, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>82</span> (132&nbsp;S.).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abookitem&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Satz+von+Abel-Ruffini&amp;rft.atitle=Abschnitt+III+Berechnungsprobleme+und+Homomorphies%C3%A4tze%27%27+%C2%A7+23+%27%27Endliche+K%C3%B6rper%2C+Satz+7&amp;rft.au=Wolfgang+Krull&amp;rft.btitle=Elementare+und+klassische+Algebra&amp;rft.date=1959&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.pages=82&amp;rft.place=Berlin&amp;rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter+%26+Co&amp;rft.series=Sammlung+G%C3%B6schen" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Bartel_Leendert_van_der_Waerden" title="Bartel Leendert van der Waerden">Bartel Leendert van der Waerden</a>: <cite style="font-style:italic">Algebra I</cite>. unter Benutzung von Vorlesungen von E.&nbsp;Artin und E.&nbsp;Noether. (=&nbsp;<cite style="font-style:italic">Heidelberger Taschenbücher</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>12</span>). 8.&nbsp; Auflage. 1971, ISBN 3-540-03561-3, Kapitel&nbsp;VIII <i>Die Theorie von Galois</i>, §&nbsp;66 <i>Die Berechnung der Galoisschen Gruppe. Gleichungen mit symmetrischer Gruppe</i>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>202–204</span> (272&nbsp;S.).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abookitem&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Satz+von+Abel-Ruffini&amp;rft.atitle=Kapitel+VIII+Die+Theorie+von+Galois%27%27%2C+%C2%A7+66+%27%27Die+Berechnung+der+Galoisschen+Gruppe.+Gleichungen+mit+symmetrischer+Gruppe&amp;rft.au=Bartel+Leendert+van+der+Waerden&amp;rft.btitle=Algebra+I&amp;rft.date=1971&amp;rft.edition=8.+Auflage&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.isbn=3540035613&amp;rft.pages=202-204&amp;rft.series=Heidelberger+Taschenb%C3%BCcher" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
</ol>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatur">Literatur</h2></div>
<ul><li><a href="J%C3%B6rg_Bewersdorff" title="Jörg Bewersdorff">Jörg Bewersdorff</a>: <cite style="font-style:italic">Algebra für Einsteiger: Von der Gleichungsauflösung zur Galois-Theorie</cite>. 5. Auflage. Springer Spektrum, 2013, ISBN 978-3-658-02261-7, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-02262-4">10.1007/978-3-658-02262-4</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Satz+von+Abel-Ruffini&amp;rft.au=J%C3%B6rg+Bewersdorff&amp;rft.btitle=Algebra+f%C3%BCr+Einsteiger%3A+Von+der+Gleichungsaufl%C3%B6sung+zur+Galois-Theorie&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft.doi=10.1007%2F978-3-658-02262-4&amp;rft.edition=5.&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9783658022617&amp;rft.pub=Springer+Spektrum" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></li>
<li>Peter Pesic: <cite style="font-style:italic">Abels Beweis</cite>. Springer, Berlin u. a. 2005, ISBN 3-540-22285-5, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-27309-7">10.1007/978-3-540-27309-7</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Satz+von+Abel-Ruffini&amp;rft.au=Peter+Pesic&amp;rft.btitle=Abels+Beweis&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.doi=10.1007%2F978-3-540-27309-7&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=3540222855&amp;rft.place=Berlin+u.+a.&amp;rft.pub=Springer" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></li>
<li><a href="Jean-Pierre_Tignol" title="Jean-Pierre Tignol">Jean-Pierre Tignol</a>: <cite style="font-style:italic">Galois' Theory of Algebraic Equations</cite>. (Reprint). World Scientific, Singapore u. a. 2004, ISBN 981-02-4541-6, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1142/9789812384904">10.1142/9789812384904</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Satz+von+Abel-Ruffini&amp;rft.au=Jean-Pierre+Tignol&amp;rft.btitle=Galois%27+Theory+of+Algebraic+Equations&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.doi=10.1142%2F9789812384904&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9810245416&amp;rft.place=Singapore+u.+a.&amp;rft.pub=World+Scientific" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></li>
<li><a href="Wolfgang_Krull" title="Wolfgang Krull">Wolfgang Krull</a>: <cite style="font-style:italic">Elementare Algebra vom höheren Standpunkt</cite> (=&nbsp;<cite style="font-style:italic">Sammlung Göschen</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>930</span>). 2. Auflage. Walter de Gruyter &amp; Co (Erstauflage 1939), Berlin 1952 (143&nbsp;S.).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Satz+von+Abel-Ruffini&amp;rft.au=Wolfgang+Krull&amp;rft.btitle=Elementare+Algebra+vom+h%C3%B6heren+Standpunkt&amp;rft.date=1952&amp;rft.edition=2.&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.place=Berlin&amp;rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter+%26+Co+%28Erstauflage+1939%29&amp;rft.series=Sammlung+G%C3%B6schen" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></li>
<li><a href="Wolfgang_Krull" title="Wolfgang Krull">Wolfgang Krull</a>: <cite style="font-style:italic">Elementare und klassische Algebra</cite> (=&nbsp;<cite style="font-style:italic">Sammlung Göschen</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>933</span>). 1. Auflage. Walter de Gruyter &amp; Co, Berlin 1959 (132&nbsp;S.).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Satz+von+Abel-Ruffini&amp;rft.au=Wolfgang+Krull&amp;rft.btitle=Elementare+und+klassische+Algebra&amp;rft.date=1959&amp;rft.edition=1.&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.place=Berlin&amp;rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter+%26+Co&amp;rft.series=Sammlung+G%C3%B6schen" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></li>
<li><a href="Nathan_Jacobson" title="Nathan Jacobson">Nathan Jacobson</a>: <cite style="font-style:italic">Basic Algebra I</cite>. W. H. Freeman and Company, San Francisco 1974, ISBN 0-7167-0453-6, Kapitel 4 Galois Theory of Equations Abschnitt 4.2 Galois Group as Permutation Group of the Roots Exercise 15 („Galois“), <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>254</span> (472&nbsp;S.).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abookitem&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Satz+von+Abel-Ruffini&amp;rft.atitle=Kapitel+4+Galois+Theory+of+Equations+Abschnitt+4.2+Galois+Group+as+Permutation+Group+of+the+Roots+Exercise+15+%28%E2%80%9EGalois%E2%80%9C%29&amp;rft.au=Nathan+Jacobson&amp;rft.btitle=Basic+Algebra+I&amp;rft.date=1974&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.isbn=0716704536&amp;rft.pages=254&amp;rft.place=San+Francisco&amp;rft.pub=W.+H.+Freeman+and+Company" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></li>
<li><a href="Siegfried_Bosch" title="Siegfried Bosch">Siegfried Bosch</a>: <cite style="font-style:italic">Algebra</cite>. 10. Auflage. Springer, 2023, ISBN 978-3-662-67463-5, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-67464-2">10.1007/978-3-662-67464-2</a></span> (508&nbsp;S.).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Satz+von+Abel-Ruffini&amp;rft.au=Siegfried+Bosch&amp;rft.btitle=Algebra&amp;rft.date=2023&amp;rft.doi=10.1007%2F978-3-662-67464-2&amp;rft.edition=10.&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9783662674635&amp;rft.pub=Springer" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span> (Bibliographische Daten abrufbar unter <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dnb.d-nb.de/">Deutsche Nationalbibliothek</a>)</li>
<li><a href="Bartel_Leendert_van_der_Waerden" title="Bartel Leendert van der Waerden">Bartel Leendert van der Waerden</a>: <cite style="font-style:italic">Algebra I</cite>. unter Benutzung von Vorlesungen von E.&nbsp;Artin und E.&nbsp;Noether. (=&nbsp;<cite style="font-style:italic">Heidelberger Taschenbücher</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>12</span>). 8. Auflage. 1971, ISBN 3-540-03561-3, Kapitel VIII <i>Die Theorie von Galois</i>, §&nbsp;64 <i>Gleichungen zweiten, dritten und vierten Grades</i>, Satz im Kleindruck, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>194</span> (272&nbsp;S.).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abookitem&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Satz+von+Abel-Ruffini&amp;rft.atitle=Kapitel+VIII+Die+Theorie+von+Galois%27%27%2C+%C2%A7+64+%27%27Gleichungen+zweiten%2C+dritten+und+vierten+Grades%2C+Satz+im+Kleindruck&amp;rft.au=Bartel+Leendert+van+der+Waerden&amp;rft.btitle=Algebra+I&amp;rft.date=1971&amp;rft.edition=8.&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.isbn=3540035613&amp;rft.pages=194&amp;rft.series=Heidelberger+Taschenb%C3%BCcher" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></li></ul></div><!--htdig_noindex--><div><div class="zim-footer">
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